The global transformation of the urban form, sometimes leading to physical conflicts in the cities, has been the subject of much debate particularly on how to integrate diverse urban elements to form a clearly unified whole. The article surveys different approaches to integrated urban forms in terms of terminology, theoretical assumptions, design process and practices, namely Holism, Structuralism, Contextualism, and Aesthetics. The research explores different aspects of the approaches in an effort to reach a synthesis to avoid ambiguity and present criteria for judgment of integration in the built urban form. The research methodology is 'based on meta- analysis of urban planning texts as the primary subject instead of built examples. It leads to a new definition for integration as an organizing process of diverse relevant urban elements in which spatial interrelationships are built according to a unified, legible and meaningful whole.

During the recent years, according to the current crises about climate change, energy consumption and environmental contaminants through carbon emission, the subject of urban form relationship with energy in cities has attracted the interest of many researchers in different disciplines. The span of this field is a topic which leads to the multiplicity of interpretations and various studies and also measuring the relationship between the urban form and energy using different variables, methods, scales and approaches. The aim of the present paper is to compare and analyze the employed variables, methods and models in different scales and approaches by reviewing a total number of 119 articles. Reviewing the articles which were published between 1974 and 2019 in this field reflected the fact that mentioned studies have been carried out in seven general sets: Urban form (with an emphasis on 1. The building or one of the urban form indices, especially density, 2. The land use, 3. The transport, 4. The combination of building and transport sectors) and energy, 5. Urban form and its relationship with the climate change, heat islands, thermal comfort and sustainability, 6. Urban form and thermal loads, 7. Urban form and energy management, planning and policies. Finally, in spite of the existing variety in the articles, common and deductible challenges and opportunities were extracted. Results of this research indicate that the relationship between urban form and energy has the possibility of reaching a consistent and dynamic viewpoint beyond the single-disciplinary approaches, scales and methods.

Expansion spatial-physical cities and towns, due to increasing urban population, one of the most important features is the cities of present era. That it caused an imbalance in urban structure, the imbalance in access to urban services and facilities and localizing activity and population. The awareness of the physical form of a city, town planners urgent need to regulate and utilization of urban land. The present study emphasizes that the problem of concentration and distribution of populations and activities in the city limits Boroujerdi, the pattern of the city transforms to analyze and scrutinize the research is that of cognitive research, and b i are the target of basic research is experimental and the pattern of the descriptive analytic models using the Herfindahl-Henderson, Shannon entropy (absolute and relative) and Moran models to analyze and determine physical form of the city of Broujerd discussed. Urban development plans and census data and data blocks of two decades 1375-85 extracted, so documentary- library style has been collecting research data. Results show that the city of Broujerd cope with sprawl and physical detachment and the dominant pattern is in a random pattern and multi-polar spatial distribution.

Rapid increase of the urban population hase caused problems, especially achieving sustainable development goals. Some of the problems are: lake of spatial balance, vulnerability in the price of land and housing, social polarization, environmental pollution, use of extra energy, unplanned development, increasing levels of spending for urban infrastructure, constructing com fertile agricultural land, and increasing the urban periphery space. With the increase of environmental problems in the cities, and created crisis, attempts have been made to define the urban growth and urban development patterns and its relation to sustainable urban form. The question about sustainable urban form has been raised, and many researchers have tried to answer this. Some of the urban planners have supported the dispersion of the urban population and some are against this idea, and believe in concentration of urban population. This later group believe that problems of cities com be solved through increasing the density of population in urban areas and close concentration of urban land uses.

Reduce consumption of fossil fuel and that`s negative effects is one of the most important issues related to sustainable development. With increasing distance from CBD, increasing walking time to public transportation, reducing density and mixed land use, car dependence and fuel consumption will be increased in transportation sector. In this regard and reducing fuel consumption in transportation sector, understanding the proper and sustainable urban forms and analysis of the current urban forms is an undeniable necessity for planning. This paper examines the findings of an empirical study, that have been studied the effects of urban form on households travel behavior in transportation sector in three neighborhoods of Shiraz with different urban form characteristics. The variables investigated in this research include the urban form variables and households car ownership. The urban form variables in this study contain of distance from CBD, walking time to public transport, mixed land use and density. Also travel frequency, travel time; travel distance and modal choice are travel behavior variables have been studied in this article. Information about urban form variables have been extracted from GIS maps of Shiraz and data of household travel behavior and car ownership are extracted from questionnaires. Number of questionnaires in this research is 260. To examine the relationship between urban form variables and travel behavior and car ownership, correlation analysis is used. Results of this study indicate the relationship between urban form and travel behavior variables, and households residing in neighborhoods close to CBD with high density and mixed land use have a different travel behavior with residents of other neighborhoods.

ABSTRACTDuring the last century, ports of Persian Gulf become the most important storage, refining and transportation of crude oil, oil derivation, petrochemical products and also, business activities. Nowadays, due to functional diversity between ports, the impact of port activities on the development of urban spaces will be different, and this issue leads to structural differences of port cities. The purpose of this research is to identify the key variables affecting the relations and spatial structure of port-city in Dubai as the most thriving and successful port-city in the Persian Gulf. This research is based on deductive reasoning and carried out by analysis of cross effects with secondary data (results of other prominent articles) and also primary data (questionnaire). sampling method is based on purposive sampling and Micmac software was used to analyze the data. Output of Micmac software shows the position of the instability of the system. Therefore, the position of each variables in the conceptual model can be categorized to driver, linkage, dependent, and autonomous factors. The research findings indicate 4 variables (like as “income, cost and investmnets in port-city”) can be introduced as a driver factor, 5 variables (like as “advanced multimodal transportation in the port”) can be introduced as a linkage factor, 6 variables (like as “quality of living environment and desirable city”) can be introduced as a dependent factor, 3 variables (like as “environmental protection and sustainable development of the city-port”) can be introduced as an autonomous factor. The rapid development of Dubai can be explained by the purposeful distribution of revenues from trade and tourismExtended AbstractIntroductionDuring the last century, ports of Persian Gulf become the most important storage, refining and transportation of crude oil, oil derivation, petrochemical products and also, business activities. The global increase in oil demand since the 1950s led to the creation of discovery of new oil wells and large industrial areas. With the construction of new oil or gas facilities in the port areas, increasing oil revenues contributed to the countries of the Persian Gulf region and form a new geographical relationship between ports and coastal cities which had an impact on the spatial structure and relation of them. Nowadays, due to functional diversity between ports, the impact of port activities on the development of urban spaces will be different, and this issue leads to structural differences of port cities. In the 1950s, Containerization (container loading technology) was based in some of the world's ports and created a huge transformation in the shipping industry, which had a significant impact on the development of ports. Although the ports of the Persian Gulf have made a significant contribution to the economic growth and physical development of other ports in the world, but few researches have been done on the variables and factors affecting the development of the spatial structure of the important ports of the Persian Gulf. This region, due to its unique geographical location, has always been considered as a most important corridor in the field of economic and transportation throughout history. Some of the most important energy and commercial ports in this region are: Dubai, Manama, Kuwait, Dammam, Doha, Bushehr, Bandar-Abbas and Assaluyeh. In this regard, the purpose of this research is to identify the key variables affecting the relations and spatial structure of port-city in Dubai as the most thriving and successful port-city in the Persian Gulf. MethodologyThis research is based on deductive reasoning and carried out by analysis of cross effects with secondary data (results of other prominent articles) and also primary data (questionnaire). The method used in this research is quantitative and the sampling method is based on purposive sampling. the variables affecting the spatial structure of port-city relations were identified in the form of a review of 31 prominent articles. 25 experts (who had comprehensive knowledge and information about the development process of the city-port of Dubai) participated to determine the effectiveness or influence of variables. Finally, the output of data analysis was done by the Micmac software. Results and discussionOutput of Micmac software shows the position of the variables in the diagram that it indicates their status in the system and their role in the dynamics and changes of the system. The method of distribution and dispersion of the variables in the spatial structure of port-city relations indicates the instability of the system. Therefore, based on the output of the system, the position of each variables in the conceptual model can be identified in five categories (driver, linkage, dependent, autonomous and regulatory variables). According to the results, some variables such as “the changes in the strategic positions” and “geopolitics of port-city”, “the modification of the management method” and “regional planning of the ports”, “the promotion of local governance in the relations between port-city” and “the way of national and international management of ports have been introduced as driver variables. On the other hand, five variables consist of “advanced multimodal transportation in the port” and “income, cost and investment in the port-city”, “the contrast and physical integration of the port - city space”, “the development of various industrial and production activities in the ports and their local hinterland” and “their qualities Financial and commercial policies of ports” have been introduced as linkage variables. Findings of research also shows that some variables consist of “quality of living environment and desirable city”, “quantity and quality of transit corridors (rail, road and air) to hinterland”, “construction and launching the new port (sea port or dry port)”, “terminal facilities and infrastructure and warehousing”, “conflict or convergence between the city and the port” and “increase in population growth rate and migration to the port - city” categorized as dependent variables. Three variables including “cultural and historical background of ports”, “use of cheaper energy, Less-polluted, clean and renewable energies in the city-port” and “environmental protection and sustainable development of the city-port” categorized as autonomous variables. Finally, a variable with the title of “improvement in management and information technology and development in loading, unloading and storage of commodities” have been introduced as regulatory variables. The findings of this research have a remarkable similarity with other researches carried out in the field of city-port relation and clearly emphasize the direct impact of the "investment in port-city" in the development of them. For example, Grossmann (2008) emphasized that city-port of Hamburg has become one of the largest ports in Northern Europe during the last few decades due to huge domestic and foreign investment. ConclusionThis research carried out in order to introduce and explain the key variables affecting the development of the spatial structure of the port-city of Dubai. On this basis, 21 variables have been extracted by systematic reviews of prominent articles. In the following, 25 experts were selected with the purposive sampling method. Among the 21 variables extracted, 4 variables (like as “geopolitics of port-city”) introduced as a driver factor, 5 variables (like as “advanced multimodal transportation in the port”) introduced as a linkage factor, 6 variables (like as “quality of living environment and desirable city”) introduced as a dependent factor, 3 variables (like as “environmental protection and sustainable development of the city-port”) introduced as an autonomous factor. The rapid development of Dubai can be explained by the purposeful distribution of revenues from trade and tourism. A part of these revenues has been directed towards investment in important transportation infrastructures such as airports and ports of this city. These strategies have a wide impact on improving the economic growth of the city and the development of the port in order to adapt with the global trade and advanced technologies. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.